Tài liệu Tiếng Anh Lớp 6 - The ultimate phrasal verb book

THE ULTIMATE PHRASAL VERB BOOK
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
To the Teacher / iv 
To the Student / v
1. Separable and Nonseparable Phrasal Verbs / 1
2. Phrasal Verbs and do, does, and did / 8
3. Three-Word Phrasal Verbs / 14
4. Present and Past Continuous Phrasal Verbs / 18
5. Pronunciation of Two-Word Phrasal Verbs / 24
6. Pronunciation of Three-Word Phrasal Verbs / 32
7. Separable Phrasal Verbs with Long Objects / 37
8. Present Perfect Phrasal Verbs / 46
9. Two-Word Phrasal Verbs That Require an Additional Particle When Used with an Object, 1 / 53
10. Phrasal Verbs Used as Nouns, 1 / 61
11. Phrasal Verbs Used in Compound Nouns / 70
12. Past Perfect Phrasal Verbs / 83
13. Passive Phrasal Verbs, 1 / 91
14. Participle Adjectives Formed from Phrasal Verbs, 1 / 98
15. Phrasal Verbs and will or be going to /107
16. Phrasal Verbs with Gerund Objects, 1 / 116
17. Adverbs and Phrasal Verbs / 125
18. Phrasal Verbs and can, could, will, and would / 133
19. Phrasal Verbs and the Adverb right I 141
20. Phrasal Verbs Followed by the -ing Form / 149
21. Phrasal Verbs and should and ought to 158
22. The Particle up and the Adverbs right and all I 165
23. Two-Word Phrasal Verbs That Require an Additional Particle When Used with an Object, 2 / 172 
24. Phrasal Verbs Used as Nouns, 2 / 180
25. Phrasal Verbs and have to, have got to, and must / 188
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26. Phrasal Verbs and the Adverb bade / 194
27. Phrasal Verbs with the Particle off and the Adverb right I 202
28. Passive Phrasal Verbs, 2 / 210
29. Phrasal Verbs and might, may, and can /217
30. Participle Adjectives Formed from Phrasal Verbs, 2 / 223
31. Phrasal Verbs and Gerund Subjects / 233
32. Phrasal Verbs with the Particle our / 239
33. Phrasal Verbs and Midsentence Adverbs / 250 34. Pronunciation of Two- and Three-Word Phrasal Verbs, 2 / 257
35. Gerund Phrasal Verbs / 264
36. Phrasal Verbs with the Particle down / 271
37. Phrasal Verbs Used as Nouns, 3 / 280
38. The Verb keep and Adverbs and Adverbials Showing Degrees of Variability / 289
39. Passive Phrasal Verbs, 3 / 296
40. Gerund Phrasal Verbs vs. Phrasal Verbs Followed by the -ing Form / 307
41. Two-Word Phrasal Verbs with the Particle in That Require into When Used with an Object /314
42. Phrasal Verbs with get, 1 / 322
43. Modals and Present Perfect Phrasal Verbs / 331
44. Participle Adjectives and Passive Phrasal Verbs with the Verb get I 340
45. Phrasal Verbs with the Verb rum / 348
46. Pronunciation of Phrasal Verbs with the Particle into / 358
47. Particles Used Without Verbs / 364
48. Modals and Present Perfect Passive Phrasal Verbs / 372
49. Combinations of get, right, back, and tо / 380
50. Keep at It! / 390
 Answers to Exercises / 398 
Index / 410
TO THE TEACHER
The inspiration for The Ultimate Phrasal Verb Book came about when a student asked me for a textbook to help her learn the meanings of common phrasal verbs. I had nothing to offer. The only textbook focusing on common verbs that I could give her contains not one phrasal verb — it teaches arise but not get up, awake but not wake up, seek but not look for.
Phrasal verbs are verbs, not idiomatic curiosities. There is no logic to classifying take over with take the bull by the horns. Phrasal verbs are an essential part of spoken and written English at all levels, and no student who hopes to master the language can afford to overlook them.
Although this textbook is intended primarily for high-intermediate to advanced students, ambitious students at lower levels will benefit from it as well. Only some FOCUS sections may prove to be a little beyond them; otherwise, there is nothing to prevent any student from studying the definitions and examples and attempting the exercises.
A vocabulary textbook should provide mechanics as well as meaning. Students want to know more than what a word means — they want to know how to use it correctly.
The importance of mechanics is the reason for the emphasis on the prepositions required when some phrasal verbs are used transitively and for the inclusion of reviews of points of grammar not specific to phrasal verbs. Prepositions are the glue that holds English together, but many students falter when using newly learned verbs because they do not know that a preposition is also required, or if they do, which one. This aspect of English is not given the attention it deserves because it is difficult to teach — there are no rules that govern when a preposition, or which preposition, is required, and no teacher likes to say "You just have to remember."
The hope of the latter feature, the discussion of points of grammar not specific to phrasal verbs, is that combining practice with phrasal verbs and practice with a variety of grammatical structures will increase not only the student's confidence in the knowledge of phrasal verbs but also his or her willingness and ability to use them in a wider range of situations.
There is inevitably a degree of oversimplification. That phrasal verb particles are sometimes prepositions and sometimes adverbs is mentioned only once. No purpose is served by differentiating between them, and the overlap between the two is confusing to the student. Phrasal verbs are not identified as transitive or intransitive because this is dictated by logic. Less common meanings of some phrasal verbs have not been included. Adverb placement is presented and illustrated in simplified form without discussion of the different types of adverbs — doing so would have gone beyond the scope of this textbook.
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THE ULTIMATE PHRASAL VERB BOOK Student
And no differentiation is made between recognized adjectives derived from past participles and past participles with adjectival meaning. The adjectival use of past participles (both phrasal and nonphrasal) is an extremely important aspect of spoken English — something every student of English should be familiar with — yet the dividing line between true adjectives derived from past participles and passive sentences employing past participles with adjectival meanings is ill-defined and problematic. Native speakers of English regularly use past participles in superficially passive sentences with purely adjectival meaning. Whether the past participles are verbs or actually adjectives is of no concern to the native speaker and is entirely irrelevant to the student of English. Rather than distract the student with an unnecessary element of confusion, both are referred to as participle adjectives throughout this textbook.
The exercises in this textbook are intended to reinforce meaning and mechanics. A cloze exercise always comes first, followed by exercises focusing on sentence structure and the FOCUS discussion. Last are exercises that ask the student to answer questions or write original sentences.
There is a good deal of review built into this textbook. Every section contains two or more exercises requiring the student to refer back to a previous section in order to review a phrasal verb, participle adjective, or noun. When a phrasal verb has two or more meanings, it is intentional that no help is provided to the student in determining which meaning applies; students have to review them all and figure it out for themselves.
I have tried in this textbook to imitate the form and content of everyday English. If occasionally the register and subject matter of some examples and exercises seem not quite right for formal discourse, that is deliberate. Students need to learn formal English, of course, but since most people speak informally most of the time, students need to gain familiarity with the syntax, usage, and content of the informal English they read and hear every day at work, at school, at home, and on television.
TO THE STUDENT
Phrasal verbs are combinations of ordinary verbs like put, take, come, and go and particles like in, out, on, and off. They are a very important part of everyday English. Every student of English needs a basic understanding of the most common phrasal verbs and also of common nouns and adjectives made from phrasal verbs.
Most phrasal verbs are nor informal, slang, or improper for educated speech or formal writing. Exactly the opposite is true — most phrasal verbs are acceptable at all levels of spoken or written English. In fact, for many of the phrasal verbs in this textbook, there is no alternative to the phrasal verb — there is no other way to say it.
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However, a few phrasal verbs in this textbook are identified as informal, and it is better not to use them in serious, formal speech or writing. But these informal phrasal verbs are important because they are very common in everyday informal speech and writing.
Some phrasal verbs are very easy to understand. For example, it is not difficult to understand sit down or come in because their meanings are obvious. But many phrasal verbs are very idiomatic. Idiomatic means that there is no way to know what the verb and particle mean together by knowing what the verb and particle mean separately. For example, every beginning-level student learns what the words call, run, off, and out mean, but that does not help the student to know that call off means cancel or that run out means use all of something.
Each section of this textbook starts with a FOCUS, an explanation of something important about phrasal verbs. Then eight phrasal verbs and an explanation of each important meaning of each one are presented along with one or more example sentences for each meaning. Following that are several exercises to help you understand and remember what the phrasal verbs mean and how to use them in a sentence. And like real conversation, questions asked with I or we are answered with you, and questions asked with you are answered with / or we.
And because there is a lot to learn in this textbook, there is a lot of review to help you learn it. Every phrasal verb is reviewed at least twice later in the book. The more idiomatic phrasal verbs are reviewed more often, and the more important meanings of phrasal verbs with several meanings are reviewed more often.
Terms, Abbreviations, and Symbols Used in this Textbook
verb Verb refers to the verb part of a phrasal verb. In other words, the phrasal verb minus the particle. In the phrasal verb pull over, pull is the verb and over is the particle.
particle The adverbs and prepositions in phrasal verbs are both called particles in this book. Many particles are adverbs and prepositions, and it can be very difficult and confusing to figure out if a particle in a particular phrasal verb is one or the other. Fortunately, this is almost never important to the student, so it is a lot easier to simply call them both particles.
p.v. phrasal verb n. a noun made from a phrasal verb
part.adj. participle adjective — a past participle of a phrasal verb used as an adjective put on it. When words or sentences have a line through them, it means that they are incorrect.
... Three dots between the verb and the particle mean that the object of the phrasal verb can be placed between the verb and the particle.
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1. FOCUS ON: separable and nonseparable phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are either separable or nonseparable. Unfortunately, there is no rule that will help you to look at a phrasal verb and always know whether it is separable or nonseparable.
Separable phrasal verbs
Separable phrasal verbs can be separated by their object. When the object is a noun, it is usually entirely optional whether the object is placed between the verb and the particle or placed after the particle. Both sentences below are correct:
I took my shoes off. 
I took off my shoes.
However, when a pronoun is used instead of a noun, the pronoun must be placed between the verb and the particle:
I took them off. 
I took off them.
But in one type of sentence, separable phrasal verbs must be separated — when the phrasal verb has two objects:
She put a blanket on. 
She put on a blanket.
She put a blanket on the bed. 
She put on a blanket the bed.
Nonseparable phrasal verbs
Nonseparable phrasal verbs cannot be separated by their object:
He ran into a tree. 
He ran a tree into.
Throughout this book, phrasal verbs that can be separated have three dots (...) between the verb and the particle.
Infinitive_____________________________________________
present tense -ing form past tense past participle
come from
 come from & comes from coming from came from come from
1. come from p.v. When you come from a place, you were born there or lived there previously. When you come from a family or a social situation, your past experience helps to explain your present attitudes and behavior.
Mike comes from Alaska, so he's used to cold weather. 
Jane had a difficult childhood. She came from a broken home.
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2. come from p.v. When something comes from a source, that is where it originated.
The word "admiral" comes from an Arabic word. 
The mechanic heard a strange sound coming from the engine.
Infinitive
present tense
-ing form
past tense
past participle
figure out
figure out & figures out
figuring out
figured out
figured out
1. figure ... out p.v. [the object can be a noun or a noun clause] When you figure out something, such as the answer to a question, the solution to a problem, or why a person is a certain way or acts a certain way, you think about and succeed in understanding it.
Joe's so hostile all the time. I can't figure him out.
 I looked everywhere for my keys, but I couldn't figure out where I put them.
give back
give back & gives back
giving back
gave back
given back
1. give ... back (to) p.v. When you return something to someone, you give it back.
Can I use your pen? I'll give it back after the test. 
Timmy, give that toy back to your sister right now!
look for
look for & looks for
looking for
looked for
looked for
1. look for p.v. When you look for things or people, you try to find them.
/ looked for you at the party, but I didn't see you. 
Excuse me, can you help me? I'm looking for 303 Main St.
put on
put on & puts on
putting on
put on
put on
1. put... on p.v. When you place something on or apply something to your body, you put it on.
I put on my new dress before going to the party. 
Eric forgot to put suntan lotion on, and now he's as red as a lobster.
2. put... on p.v. When you place something on or apply something to another surface, you put it on.
I put the book on the table. 
Jerry put too much fertilizer on his lawn, and now he has to cut it twice a week.
3. put... on p.v. When you attach or affix something to another thing, you put it on.
The Wilson’s put a new roof on their house last year.
 I told the tailor to put red buttons on the dress he's making for me.
4. put... on p.v. When you put on weight, you gain weight.
THE ULTIMATE PHRASAL VERB BOOK
Did you see Mike? He's put on so much weight that I didn't recognize him.
 I need to go on a diet. I've been putting on a lot of weight lately.
5. put ...on p.v. When you organize or perform something for other people's entertainment, such as a play or a concert, you put it on.
The club put on a show to raise money for the party.
 That opera hasn't been put on in more than 200 years.
6. put.. .on p.v. [informal] When you put people on, you kid or tease them.
You won the lottery? You're putting me on!
Don't put me on — tell me the truth.
put-on n. Something done with the intention of fooling or deceiving people is a put-on.
He didn't really win the lottery. It was all a big put-on to impress his girlfriend.
Infinitive
present tense
-ing form
past tense
past participle
run into
run into & runs into
running into
ran into
run into
1. run into p.v. When you are driving and hit another vehicle or something near the road, such as a tree or a telephone pole, you run into it.
Ali was driving too fast, and he ran into a telephone pole.
 I was run into by a drunk driver.
2. run into p.v. When you meet people unexpectedly or unintentionally, you run into them. Bump into is the same as run into.
We ran into Karen and her new boyfriend at the supermarket yesterday.
 I owe Frank $300, so I hope I don't run into him.
3. run into p.v. When you unexpectedly encounter difficulties or problems, you run into them.
/ thought it would be easy to fix my car, but I've been running into problems. 
Janice ran into one problem after another at work today.
4. run into p.v. When the total of something grows to a large amount or number, it runs into that amount or number.
If you fixed everything on that old car that needs fixing, it would run into thousands of dollars. 
The number of starving people in the country ran into millions.
show up
show up & shows up
showing up
showed up
shown up
1. show up p.v. When you appear somewhere, you show up. Turn up is similar to show up.
/ was supposed to meet my sister for lunch, but she hasn't shown up yet. 
Over a hundred people showed up for the news conference.
2. show up p.v. When something appears or becomes visible, it shows up.
It's hard to photograph polar bears because they don't show up well against the snow. The spots won't show up until the last stages of the disease.
Infinitive
present tense
-ing form
past tense
past participle
take off
take off & takes off
taking off
took off
taken off
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1. take ...off p.v. When you remove something from your body, you take it off.
/ was so tired when I got home that I took my clothes off and went straight to bed. Take off your shoes. You're getting mud on the carpet.
2. take ...off p.v. When you remove something from a surface, you take it off.
I took the book off the table. You need to take the old wax off the floor before you wax it again.
3. take ...off p.v. When you remove something from something it is attached or affixed to, you take it off.
Alfonso always takes the skin off chicken before he cooks it. After Jane took the flat tire off her bicycle, she put on the new one.
4. take ... off p.v. When you take time off from work or study, you do something different, in stead of working or studying.
I can't work tomorrow. I have to take the day off for some tests at the hospital. Our company always lets us take the week between Christmas and New Year's Day off. 
5. take off p.v. When an airplane leaves the ground and flies up into the air, it takes off.
Our plane took off an hour late because of the snow. 
Put on your seat belt; we're taking off now.
takeoff n. Takeoff is when an airplane leaves the ground and flies up into the air. The takeoff was delayed because of the snow.
6. take off p.v. When a business or other organized activity becomes very successful, it takes off.
The new restaurant's business is taking off because it got a good review in the newspaper. 
If this business takes off, we could make a lot of money.
7. take off p.v. [informal] When you leave suddenly or quickly, you take off.
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After he found out the FBI was looking for him, he took off in a hurry. 
This party's boring — let's take off.
8. take ... off p.v. When you reduce the price of something that is for sale by a certain amount, you take that amount off the price.
The sign in the store window said, "Every Monday take 10 percent off all marked prices." 
The car dealer took $2,000 off the list price.
EXERCISE 1 a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense.
Example: Sergeant Jones is very strict with his children. He COMES FROM a military family.
1. After the police arrived, we _________________quickly.
2. Sales of air conditioners really ________________ when the temperature got over 100 degrees last summer.
3. Megan ________ a lot of weight ________ when she was pregnant.
4. I'm going to install a new program tonight, and I hope I don't _______________ any problems.
5. The invisible ink _________________only under ultraviolet light.
6. I was expecting 100 people at the party, but only around 50 _________________.
7. Jane was lucky; she _________________ a good family.
8. Be sure you ________ a coat of primer ________before you paint the fender.
9. My cousin is so weird that even his mother can't ________ him ___________.
10. I don't feel well; I think I'll ________ tomorrow _________ and stay home.
11. We were scared to death when we heard voices ________the attic.
12. My son always forgets to ________________ his coat before he goes outside.
13. I was surprised when our plane ________________ on time.
14. We ________________ our dog all night, but we couldn't find him.
15. Paul finally _________________ my CDs after I asked him for them about a million times.
16. I'm not going to the party because I don't want to _______________________Janice.
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17. The real estate agent said that our asking price was too high and that we should __________ at least $10,000 __________ it if we want to sell our house.
18. ________ ________ those muddy shoes before you come inside.
19. Sending my son to Stanford and my daughter to Yale is going to ________ ________ some serious money.
20. _________ the ornaments ________ the Christmas tree isn't as much fun as putting them on.
21. You can't be serious — you're ________ me ______________!
22. Don't forget to ________ a stamp __________ that letter before you mail it.
23. A special performance of The Nutcracker was _________________ at the children's hospital.
24. The maid ________ the dirty sheets ________ the bed.
25. Be careful! You almost ____________ ______ that truck back there.
EXERCISE 1 b — Write three sentences using the objects in parentheses. Be sure to put the objects in the right place.
Example: I can't figure out. (the answer, it)
I can't figure out the answer. I can't figure the answer out. I can't figure it out.
1. I finally figured out. (the instructions, them)
________________________________________________
2. Give back when you are finished, (my tools, them)
______________________________________________ 
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3. She put on. (her slippers, them)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. I took off. (my shoes, them)
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
5. The hurricane took off. (the roof, it)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
EXERCISE 1c — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs and nouns from this section. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense.
Example: I can't understand where my wallet is. What can't I do?
You can't figure out where your wallet is.
1. A lot of guests didn't come to the wedding. What didn't a lot of guests do? 
2. Raul thought about the math problem, and he knows the answer now. What did Raul do?
3. The jet is leaving the ground and flying into the air. What is the jet doing?
4. In Question 3, what would you call what the airplane did?
5. Omar speaks Arabic because he was born in Egypt. Why does Omar speak Arabic?
6. We left Bob's house quickly. What did we do?
7. I met Uncle John at the baseball game today. What did I do today?
8. The source of the smoke was a window on the tenth floor. What did the smoke do?
9. You almost hit a tree while you were driving your car. What did you almost do?
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10. Mr. Taylor attached his name to his mailbox. What did Mr. Taylor do?
11. I have to remove the flat tire from my car. What do I have to do?
12. We didn't have any problems cooking the turkey. What did we do?
13. I'm removing the dirty dishes from the table. What am I doing?
14. Sales of the company's new product were very successful. What did sales of the company's new product do?
15. Linda is trying to find her golf ball. What is Linda doing?
16. Susie's blue eyes aren't visible in this photo. What don't Susie's eyes do in this photo?
17. Jim always forgets to place salt and pepper on the table. What does Jim always do?
18. Bill didn't go to work last Friday. What didn't Bill do?
19. Sally returned Frank's camera. What did Sally do?
2. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs and do, does, and did
Like ordinary verbs, phrasal verbs form negatives and questions with do, does, and did.
Present tense questions
In the present tense, questions are formed with do (except when the subject is he, she, it, or the name of one person or thing):
Why do. I always fall for losers? 
Do you sometimes doze off in class?
 Do we ever give in to pressure?
 How do these bottle tops come off?
When the subject is he, she, it, or the name of one person or thing, does is used. Remember that the -s form of the verb is not used in questions:
Does this welding torch throw sparks up into the air?
Present tense negatives
In the present tense, negatives are formed with do not or don't (except when the subject is he, she, it, or the name of one person or thing):
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/ used to doze off while driving, but I don't anymore.
 I think he has the flu because you don't usually throw up when you
have a cold.
We don't usually fall for crazy stories like that.
 If his dogs do not stay off our lawn, I'm going to call the dogcatcher.
When the subject is he, she, it, or the name of one person or thing, does not or doesn't is used. Remember that the -s form of the verb is not used in negatives:
If Mark doesn't pull through, five children will be without a father.
Past tense questions
In the past tense, questions are formed with did. Remember to use the infinitive form of the verb:
I'm so embarrassed. Why did I fall for his lies?
Did the patient pull through?
How many times did he throw up?
Did we give in to their demands?
Did they hear about the explorer who was eaten by piranhas?
Past tense negatives
In the past tense, negatives are formed with did not or didn't. Remember to use the infinitive form of the verb:
/ was really sick, but I didn't. throw up.
You didn't fall for that nonsense, I hope.
He pulled and pulled, but the bowling ball did not come off.
We didn't hear about the half-price sale until it was too late.
I'm sorry. We tried everything, but she didn't pull through.
Infinitive
present tense
-ing form
past tense
past participle
come off
come off & comes off
coming off
came off
come off
1. come off p.v. When something comes off, it becomes detached from what it was attached or fastened to.
Be careful with this old book. The cover's coming off. 
That paint won't come off your hands unless you use turpentine.
2. come off p.v. When an event comes off, it is successful.
The party came off well. Everyone had a lot of fun. 
The attack didn't come off the way the general planned it.
3. come off p.v. When you say "Come off it" to people, you are saying that you think something they have said is untrue or foolish.
It's 2:00 a.m., you come home smelling like beer, and you say you were working late at the office? Oh, come off it!
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Infinitive
present tense
-ing form
past tense
past participle
doze off
doze off & dozes off
dozing off
dozed off
dozed off
1. doze off p.v. When you fall into a light sleep, you doze off.
I went to a movie last night, but it was so boring I dozed off.
 If I have a drink at lunch, I'm sure to doze off at my desk.
fall for
fall for & falls for falling for fell for fallen for
1. fall for p.v. When someone successfully tricks or deceives you, you fall for the trick or deception or you fall for it.
I feel like an idiot. The salesman promised me it was a real diamond, not glass, and I fell for it. 
Your girlfriend told you that guy she was dancing with at the party was her brother? How could you fall for a story like that?
2. fall for p.v. When you suddenly feel a strong attraction to someone or something, you fall for that person or thing.
Jim met Sam's sister last week, and now he calls her every day. I guess he really fell for her in a big way. 
When I saw this house, I fell for it immediately, and I made an offer the same day.
give in
give in & gives in
giving In
gave in
given in
1. give in (to) p.v. When someone pressures or forces you to do something or allow something even though you do not want to, you give in.
My son drove me crazy asking me to buy him a new bicycle, and I finally gave in. 
The strike lasted for eight months, but the company never gave in to the workers' demands.
hear about
hear about & hears about
hearing about
heard about
heard about
1. hear about p.v. When you hear and learn information about someone or something, you hear about it.
Have you heard about the new Thai restaurant downtown?
 I heard about the earthquake on CNN.
pull through
pull through & pulls through
pulling through
pulled through
pulled through
1. pull through p.v. When you recover from a serious illness or injury, you pull through.
The doctor didn't think his chances were very good, but he pulled through. 
Erik is very sick, but he's young and strong, so I'm sure he'll pull through.
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Infinitive
present tense
-ing form
past tense
past participle
stay off
stay off & stays off
staying off
stayed off
stayed off
1. stay off p.v. When you stay off something, you don't walk or sit on it.
You kids can play in the living room, but stay off the Persian rug. 
What can I do to get my cat to stay off the kitchen counter?
throw up
throw up & throws up
throwing up
threw up
thrown up
1. throw up p.v. When people throw up, they vomit.
Alex was so sick that he threw up all over my shoes. 
I feel like I'm going to throw up.
1. throw... up p.v. When something causes small particles of dirt, dust, or a liquid to rise into the air, it throws them up.
Be careful with that chain saw — It'll throw sawdust up in your eyes. 
Don't stand too close to the fire; it's throwing up sparks.
EXERC