Lý thuyết Tiếng Anh Lớp 6 - Giới từ đơn giản

PREPOSITIONS
1. Giới từu chỉ thời gian.
after, at, before, by, during, for, from, in, on, since, throughout, until, within
2. Giới từ chỉ địa điểm / nơi chốn.
above, across, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, beyond, by, in, on, over, through, to, toward, under, within.
* Một số giới từ thông thường:
a. AT, IN, ON
- AT: dùng trước thời gian ngắn: giờ, phút giây 
At 10 o’clock; at thí moment; at 10 a.m
- ON: dùng trước thời gian chỉ: ngày, thứ ngày (trong lịch )
On Sunday, on this day 
- IN: dùng trước thời gian dài: tháng, mùa, năm, 
In June; in July; in Spring; in 2015
b. IN, INTO, OUT OF
- IN: dùng chỉ vị trí (địa ddiiemr – không chuyển hướng)
In the classroom; in the concert hall; in the box 
- INTO: dùng chỉ sự chuyển động từ ngoài vào trong.
I go into the classroom.
 - OUT OF: dùng chỉ sự chuyển động từ trong ra ngoài.
I go out of the classroom.
c. FOR, DURING, SINCE:
- FOR: dùng để chỉ khoảng thời gian.
For two months, for four weeks, for the last few years 
- DURING: dùng để chỉ hành động xảy ra trong suốt thời gian của sự vật, sự kiện:
During Christmas time; During the film; During the play 
- SINCE: dùng để đánh dấu thời gian
since last Saturday, since yesterday
d. AT, TO
- AT: dùng để chỉ sự cố định ở một vị trí nào đó tương đối nhỏ, vì nếu diện tích nơi đó lớn hơn ta dùng “in”.
At the door; AT home; At school
In Hanoi, In the world 
- TO: dùng chỉ sự chuyển động tới một nơi nào đó.
Go to the window; go to the market
e. ON, OVER, ABOVE
- ON: dùng chỉ vị trí đứng liền ngay ở trên
on the table; on the desk 
- OVER, ABOVE: chỉ vị trí trên có khoảng cách
Ví dụ: The plane is flying over my city
	There is a clock above the door.
f. TILL, UNTIL (tới, cho tới khi)
- TILL: dùng cho thời gian và không gian.
Wait for me till next Friday (thời gian)
They walked till the end of the road. (không gian)
- UNTIL: dùng với thời gian.
He did not come back until 11.pm yesterday. (thời gian)
g. between (ở giữa 2 vật / người), among (giữa đám đông)
From =từ >< to= đến
Out of + noun = hết, không còn
Out of town = đi vắng
Out of date=cũ, lạc hậu >< up to date = mới, cập nhật
Out of work = thất nghiệp, mất việc
Out of the question = không thể trả lời
Out of order = hỏng, không hoạt động
By: 
động từ chỉ chuyển động + by = đi ngang qua (walk by the library)
động từ tĩnh + by = ở gần (your books are by the window)
by + thời gian cụ thể = trước lúc, cho đến lúc (hành động cho đến lúc đó phải xảy ra.)
by + phương tiện giao thông = đi bằng
by far + so sánh (thường là so sánh bật nhất) => dùng để nhấn mạnh
by accident = by mistake = tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên >< on purose
In time for = In good time for = Đúng giờ (thường kịp làm gì, hơi sớm hơn giờ đã định một chút)
In the street = dưới lòng đường
In the morning / afternoon / evening
In the past / future = trước kia, trong quá khứ / trong tương lai
In future = from now on = từ nay trở nay 
In the beginning / end = at first / last = thoạt đầu / rốt cuộc
In the middle of (địa điểm) = ở giữa
In + the + STT + row = hàng thứ
In the event that = trong trường hợp mà
On + a / the + phương tiện giao thông = trên chuyến / đã lên chuyến 
On the + STT + floor = ở tầng thứ 
On time = vừa đúng giờ (bất chấp điều kiện bên ngoài, nghĩa mạnh hơn in time)
On the sidewalk = pavement = trên vỉa hè
On the way to : trên đường đến >< on the way back to: trên đường trở về
On the right / left 
On T.V / on the radio
On the phone / telephone = gọi điện thoại, nói chuyện điện thoại
On the phone = nhà có mắc điện thoại (Are you on the phone?)
On the whole = nói chung, về đại thể
On the other hand = tuy nhiên = however 
on foot = đi bộ
At + số nhà
At home / school / work 
At night / noon
At least = chí ít, tối thiểu >< at most = tối đa
At once = ngay lập tức
At present / the moment = now
At times = đôi khi, thỉnh thoảng
At first = thoạt đầu >< at last = cuối cùng
At the beginning of / at the end of = ở đầu / ở cuối (dùng cho thời gian và địa điểm)
At + tên các ngày lễ + day = on Christmas day 
At / on / in thường được không dùng trong các thành ngữ chỉ thời gian khi có mặt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all
* Tính từ đi với giới từ:
- TO: acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful, kind, likely, lucky, important, open, pleasant, similar, angry 
- OF: afraid, ahead, aware, capable, full, centre, confident, tired, fond 
- FOR: difficult, late, perfect, sorry, useful, famous, ready 
- AT: clever, good, bad, quick, present, amused 
- WITH: acquainted, crowded, popular, fed up, bored, wondered, wrong, 
- IN: interested, rich, successful 
-FROM: absent, safe, different 
- ABOUT: confused, sad, serious, excited, worried 
I. Put in the correct preposition: at, on or in.
1. The course begins ______ 7 January and ends ______ 10 March.
2. I went to bed _____ midnight and got up _____ 6.00 the next morning.
3. Mozart was born ____ Salzburg _____ 1756.
4. There are usually a lot of parties _____ New Year’s Eve.
5. Mary and Henry always go out for a meal ______ their wedding anniversary.
6. The price of electricity is going up _____ October.
7. I might not be at home _____ the morning. Can you phone ______ afternoon.
8. Tom doesn’t see his parents very often these days – usually only _____ Christmas and sometimes ____ the summer for a few days.
9. Tom’s grandfather died _______ 1977 ______ the age of 79.
10. I’m going out to do some shopping. I’ll be back _____ half an hour.
11. The doorbell and the telephone rang _____ the same time.
12. Do you fancy going to the cinema _____ Friday night?
13. Hurry up. We’ve got to go ______ five minutes.
14. Are you doing anything special ________ the weekend?
15. Carol got married _____ 17, which is rather young to get married.
II. Complete the sentences with in, at or on.
1. Turn left ______ the traffic lights.
2. You’ll find the cups _____ the top shelf.
3. It can be dangerous when children play football ______ the street.
4. We got stuck in a traffic jam _____ the way on the airport.
5. Ann’s brother lives _____ a small village _____ the south coast of England.
6. Paris is _____ the river Seine.
7. Do you take sugar _____ your coffee?
8. Mr Brown’s office is _____ the first floor. When you come out of the lift, it’s the third door _____ your left.
9. Look at those beautiful horses _____ that field.
10. I’ll meet you _____ the corner of the street ______ 10 o’clock.
11. I can’t find Tom _____ this photograph. Is he ____ it?
12. You’ll find the sports results ______ the back page of the newspaper.
13. I didn’t see you ______ the party ______ on Saturday. Where were you?
14. Tom’s ill. He wasn’t ____ work today. He was _____ home ______ bed.
15. I haven’t seen Ken for some time. I last saw him ______ Dave’s wedding.
16. Paul is a student _____ London University.
17. The exhibition ______ the art gallery finished ______ Saturday afternoon.
18. What time did you arrrive ______ London.
19. When we arrived _____ London Station, there was a long queue outside.
20. He speaks quite good French. He studied _____ Paris for a year.
III. Supply the correct prepositions.
1. It’s very nice ____ you to let me use your car. Thank you very much.
2. Why are you always so rude ________ your parents? Can you be nice ______ them?
3. It wasn’t polite _____ him to leave without saying thank you.
4. I don’t understand people who are cruel ______ animals.
5. Why do you always get so annoyed ______ little things?
6. The people next door are annoyed ______ us ______ making so much noise last night.
7. We enjoyed our holiday but we were rather disappointed _______ the hotel.
8. I was surprised _______ the way he behaved. It was quite out of character.
9. She doesn’t often go out at night. She’s afraid _______ the dark.
10. I’ve been trying to learn Spanish but I’m not satisfied _______ my progress.
11. Jill starts her new job on Monday. She’s quite excited _____ it.
12. I was shocked ______ what you said. You should be ashamed _______ yourself.
13. Did you know that Linda is engaged ______ a friend of mine.
14. I had never seen so many people before. I was astonished _______ the crowds.
15. Bill has been doing the same job for too long. He’s bored ______ it.
16. These days everybody is aware ______ the dangers of smoking.
17. Are you still upset ______ what I said to you yesterday?
18. She’s quite nice but I wouldn’t like to be married _____ her.
19. I’m hopeless ______ repairing things.
20. I’m not very good ______tennis.
21. I’d rather not go to an Indian restaurant. I’m not very keen ______ Indian food.
22. I’m sorry ______ the smell in this room. It’s just been painted.
23. The police are responsible ______ maintaining law and order.
24. Ann is very fond ______ her younger brother.
25. Britain certainly isn’t famous _______ its food.
26. This place is always very lively at night. It’s usually crowded _______ people.
27. That man’s very honest. He isn’t capable ______ telling a lie.
28. Our house is similar ______ theirs – I think ours is a bit larger.
29. I felt sorry ________ the cildren when we went on holiday. It rained very hard and we had to spend most of the time indoors.
30. Bill and I come from the same town but my accent is different _______ his.
IV. Underline one correct preposition in each sentence.
1. Your father is very kind (with for / to / in) David.
2. His book is different (about / from / for / between) mine.
3. Your plan is similar (with / to / of / for) his.
4. The boy is afraid (of / on / in / about) snakes.
5. She is accustome (with / to / on / of getting up early.
6. That student is very quick (with / at / for / about) mathematics.
7. He has been absent (from / of / to / with) school lately.
8. They are interested (in / on / about / with) buying a new house.
9. Smoking is harmful (for / with / to / about) our health.
10. He is accustomed (to / with / for / in) driving fast like this.
11. This theatre is often crowded (with / to / on / about) viewers.
12. It was very nice (to / of / in / for) him to give me a lift.
13. Contrary (to / with / for / about) his doctor’s orders, he has gone back to work.
14. Don’t worry (about / with / to / for) the money! I’ll lend you.
15. They have been waiting (for / with / to / at) the bus for half an hour.
16. Ken prefers Chinese food (about / to / over / with) French food.
17. I have been looking (after / for / into / at) my dog for two days but I haven’t seen it yet.
18. Don’t make noise! I’m concerning (to / on / in / at) the question.
19. I usually regard him (with / in / as / at) my close friend.
20. Congratulate you (in / to / on / with) winning the game.
21. I feel very hot because the electricity has gone (off / out / along / after).
22. The book is divided (to / in / into / for) three parts.
23. I wrote to the company asking them (to / for / about / with) more information about the job.
24. Her children are very quick (with / about / at / for) computer games.
25. This kind of music is popular (for / to / with / about) the young.
26. Boys are fond (in / of / on /at) playing football.
27. She’s very worried (for / with / at / about) her mother’s health.
28. Henry was born (on / in / at / to) 1992.
29. Lisa is very good (at / with / in / about) chemistry.
30. The forest fire went (after / off / out / along) after two days.
31. I always find it hard to keep pace (up / with / for / on) Nam, one of the best students in my class.
32. What do you often do (in / on / at / of) the evening?
33. Smoking is not good (for / at / about / of) our health.
34. The future of a country depends (in / at / on / from) the youth.
35. There is a great difference (from / between / about / for) these two things.
36. My father insisted (in / on / of / at) building a new house.
37. We are looking forward (in / at / for / to) seeing you again.